/LMAR=0/XLINE=3/FONT#0=BAXL30/FONT#1=BAXM30/FONT#2=BASB30/FONT#3=SUB/FONT#4=SUP/FONT#5=BASL35/FONT#6=NGR25/FONT#7=MATH30/FONT#8=FIX25/FONT#9=GRKB30
␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ u1


␈↓ α∧␈↓α␈↓ βIFour Lectures on the Formalization of Common Sense Knowledge

␈↓ α∧␈↓John McCarthy will give four lectures on the formalization of common sense knowledge.

␈↓ α∧␈↓The␈αlectures␈αwill␈αbe␈αon␈αFridays␈αat␈α3pm.␈α The␈αfirst␈αwill␈αbe␈αon␈αFriday␈αJanuary␈α20␈αand␈αwill␈αbe␈αheld
␈↓ α∧␈↓in␈α∃the␈α∃conference␈α∃room␈α∃of␈α∃the␈α∃Center␈α∃for␈α∃Studies␈α∃in␈α∃Linguistics␈α∃and␈α∃Information␈α∃(CSLI)
␈↓ α∧␈↓conference room in Ventura Hall at Stanford.

␈↓ α∧␈↓1.␈α
The␈α
"situation␈α
calculus".␈α
 Expression␈α
of␈α
the␈α
facts␈α
about␈α
the␈α
effects␈α
of␈α
actions␈α
and␈α
other␈αevents␈α
in
␈↓ α∧␈↓terms␈αof␈αa␈αfunction␈αresult(e,s)␈αgiving␈αthe␈αnew␈αsituation␈αthat␈αarises␈αwhen␈αthe␈αevent␈αe␈αoccurs␈αin␈αthe
␈↓ α∧␈↓situation␈α∂s.␈α∂ The␈α∂frame␈α∂and␈α∞qualification␈α∂problems.␈α∂ Advantages␈α∂and␈α∂disadvantages␈α∂of␈α∞various
␈↓ α∧␈↓reifications.

␈↓ α∧␈↓2.␈αThe␈αcircumscription␈α
mode␈αof␈αnon-monotonic␈α
reasoning.␈α Mathematical␈αproperties␈αand␈α
problems
␈↓ α∧␈↓of␈α≠circumscription.␈α≤ Applications␈α≠of␈α≤circumscription␈α≠to␈α≤formalizing␈α≠common␈α≤sense␈α≠facts.
␈↓ α∧␈↓Application to the frame problem, the qualification problem and to the STRIPS assumption.

␈↓ α∧␈↓3.␈α⊃Formalization␈α⊃of␈α⊂knowledge␈α⊃and␈α⊃belief.␈α⊂ Modal␈α⊃and␈α⊃first␈α⊂order␈α⊃formalisms.␈α⊃ Formalisms␈α⊂in
␈↓ α∧␈↓which possible worlds are explicit objects.  Concepts and propositions as objects in theories.

␈↓ α∧␈↓4.␈α_Philosophical␈α_conclusions␈α→arising␈α_from␈α_AI␈α→work.␈α_ Approximate␈α_theories,␈α→second␈α_order
␈↓ α∧␈↓definitions of concepts, ascription of mental qualities to machines.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈α∞treatments␈α∞given␈α∞in␈α∞the␈α
lectures␈α∞are␈α∞new,␈α∞but␈α∞the␈α
material␈α∞is␈α∞related␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α
following
␈↓ α∧␈↓papers.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∂John␈α∂and␈α∞P.J.␈α∂Hayes␈α∂(1969)␈↓:␈α∞"Some␈α∂Philosophical␈α∂Problems␈α∞from␈α∂the␈α∂Standpoint␈α∞of
␈↓ α∧␈↓Artificial␈α
Intelligence",␈α∞in␈α
D.␈α
Michie␈α∞(ed),␈α
␈↓↓Machine␈α
Intelligence␈α∞4␈↓,␈α
American␈α
Elsevier,␈α∞New␈α
York,
␈↓ α∧␈↓NY.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α⊃John␈α⊃(1980)␈↓:␈α⊃"Circumscription␈α∩-␈α⊃A␈α⊃Form␈α⊃of␈α⊃Non-Monotonic␈α∩Reasoning",␈α⊃␈↓↓Artificial
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Intelligence␈↓, Volume 13, Numbers 1,2, April.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α
John␈α(1977)␈↓:␈α
"On␈αThe␈α
Model␈αTheory␈α
of␈αKnowledge"␈α
(with␈αM.␈α
Sato,␈αS.␈α
Igarashi,␈αand␈α
T.
␈↓ α∧␈↓Hayashi),␈α␈↓↓Proceedings␈αof␈αthe␈αFifth␈αInternational␈αJoint␈αConference␈αon␈αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈↓,␈α
M.I.T.,
␈↓ α∧␈↓Cambridge, Mass.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈α∪John␈α∩(1979)␈↓:␈α∪"First␈α∩Order␈α∪Theories␈α∩of␈α∪Individual␈α∩Concepts␈α∪and␈α∪Propositions",␈α∩in
␈↓ α∧␈↓Michie, Donald (ed.) ␈↓↓Machine Intelligence 9␈↓, (University of Edinburgh Press, Edinburgh).

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓αMcCarthy,␈αJohn␈α(1979)␈↓:␈α
"Ascribing␈αMental␈αQualities␈αto␈α
Machines"␈αin␈α␈↓↓Philosophical␈αPerspectives␈α
in
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓Artificial Intelligence␈↓, Ringle, Martin (ed.), Harvester Press, July 1979.